Wednesday, August 31, 2011

Rowlandson & Bardstreet vs Puritan


Religion was very important to people in history, and was a large part of the conflicts and controversies during the 17th Century.  In fact, one of the main reasons for English immigrants coming to America was to have religious freedom. They were used to living in a Roman Catholic society, and, as we learned in World History, there were some corrupt events between the Catholic leaders that the public was oblivious to. Many people disagreed with aspects of the Catholic religion claiming that they wanted to purify it. These people became known as the Puritans and quickly found themselves in America looking to start their new religion.

Mary Rowlandson was married to a reverend. She loved her family and her God, but her life changed one night when a battle, later called King Philip's War, swept through her village. She was kidnapped by Native Americans and was held captive for six months. She proved her strength early on admitting, "I had often before this said, that if the Indians should come, I should choose rather to be killed by them then taken alive; but when it came to the trial my mind changed" (Rowlandson 82). Had it not been for her children, Mary probably would have done otherwise. Little did she know, she would be enduring struggles of hunger and strength along this unwanted journey. She later admitted, "I have thought since of the wonderful goodness of God to me, in preserving me so in the use of my reason and senses in that distressed time, that I did not use wicked and violent means to end my own miserable life" (Rowlandson 83). Her statement proves the amount of strength and guidance she was provided with through God, not to mention the protection she was given. During her captivity, Rowlandson survived an injury, lost a child, and was sold for as little as powder. However, she was able to find a positive out of her very dark past. "If trouble from smaller matters begins to arise in me, I have something at hand to check myself with, and say when I am troubled, it was but the other day, that if I had had the world, I would have given it for my freedom" (Rowlandson 85), she stated.

Anne Bradstreet is honorable considering the obstacles she faced and overcame in her life. As the first woman, let alone person, to have published poetry, she is one figure that I'm shocked we never learned about in school. It was considered unethical for women to be writers in the 1600's, which might be why she, like many other female authors in history, kept her writings to herself. When they were leaked to the public by her own family, Bradstreet was not happy. However, her work has proved itself for several decades, and for that we say, Thank you, nosey brother-in-law that disrespectfully published the writings of Ms. Anne Bradstreet. As a young woman, Bradstreet migrated to America. Her piece, "Upon the Burning House", made several religious references. She ended the 1666 piece by saying, "The world no longer let me love, My hope and treasure lies above" (Bradstreet 91).
Bradstreet, Anne. "Upon the Burning House." Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Ph.D. and Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. Glencoe Literature. American Literature ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009. 91. Print.


Rowlandson, Mary. "A Narrative of Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson." Comp. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Ph.D. and Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. Glencoe Literature. American Literature ed. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009. 82-85. Print.

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Journal #2 Hospitality

"Hey Dixie," exclaimed Sasha over their Saturday afternoon phone call. "Hi, Sasha. I'm not in the best mood today," said Dixie somberly. "Well I know what can cheer you up! My mom is making tacos for dinner tonight. You should join us!" Offered Sasha. Dixie thought about her plans that night: nothing. She really liked Sasha's family, and she loved tacos even more. "Okay," she agreed, "I guess that could make me feel better."

Sasha's mother spent the entire afternoon making dinner for her family. She cooked beef, washed lettuce, and shredded cheese for the tacos. She picked fruits from her garden and washed them for her renowned fruit salad. Plus, she had to mix caramel toppings, almonds, and whipped cream for the secret sauce in her fruit salad. She set out her dining room table with her finest silverware because she knew a guest was coming. She cleaned around the house and awaited the arrival of her daughter's friend, Dixie.

When Dixie's mom dropped her off, she reminded her to show her best manners and be respectful of Sasha's home and family. Dixie just rolled her eyes at her mom, and headed towards her friend's house.Her mood still had not brightened, but, as she rang the doorbell, she imagined how good the tacos were going to taste.

Sasha opened the door to her friend and welcomed her into the cat family's house. The family was already sitting at the table, so Dixie and Sasha joined them. "Welcome to our home, Dixie!" said Sasha's mother. "Thanks," Dixie replied with little enthusiasm. The family passed around food, and couldn't stop discussing how yummy everything looked. Dixie went straight for the tacos, grabbing five out of the ten tacos without even offering any to anyone else. She took one bite of them, and her eyes opened in disbelief. The taste buds on her tongue burned and her eyes began to water. Sasha never told her that the tacos were hot. Instead of finishing her tacos, Dixie tried the fruit salad. One mouthful of the the the mix of flavors and she yelled, "Eww, I hate strawberries!" Sasha's younger brother laughed, her father shook his head in disbelief, and her mother rushed to fix the situation. "Oh, I'm sorry Dixie! I had no idea." "It's fine," said brown nosed, Dixie," I will just go home and see what my mom made for dinner instead. See you at school on Monday Sasha."

Friday, August 26, 2011

#1 - Diego Receives His Colors

The sun was just setting on a warm Autumn night, and a momma and dad parrot welcomed their first baby. They were overwhelmed with joy to see the tiny beak and budding eyes of their newborn creature. The pair decided on the name, Diego, to fit the calm personality of the young parrot. After the first moments of cherishing their baby, the parent parrots stood back in shock as they realized that their newborn was not bright, neon, or colorful, but a bland shade of gray. "Why does baby Diego have no color?" Asked the shocked, father parrot. "Why I don't know. I love him very much, but showing off a colorless child will be a little embarrassing," answered momma parrot. "We will have to find a way to give him color!" Momma and father parrot agreed.

They took little Diego through the jungle, past the hanging snakes and the tree frogs, and landed in a field of vibrant flowers and plants. Father parrot grabbed a flower of the most beautiful shade of red and rubbed the petals all over his newborn. The shade covered Diego's feathers, but faded away soon after. Momma parrot tried it again with a yellow leaf, but the bright colors would not stay on him. The parents were disappointed to see his gray shade returning, but they had run out of ideas. The family returned home for the night's dinner.

Father had collected worms the night before to prepare for the birth of his baby. When the family ate all they could, there were still worms left over. Diego took the extras across the branch and offerred them to the family of woodpeckers a limb over. The pecker family was so happy and they thanked Diego. When he returned home, Diego's parents were stunned. "Diego, my boy," said his father, "you have grown into your colors! What ever did you do?" "Well, I shared my extras with the neighbors, which gave me a happy feeling inside and out," exclaimed Diego. "You see, mom and dad, I won't receive my vibrant coat by covering up who I am, but by showing my true inner colors instead!" The proud, parrot parents smiled at their young parrot and agreed how fast he was growing up.

Sunday, August 21, 2011

Comparing the 3 Novels

In my opinion, My Antonia has proven to be the best of all three novels that I have read this summer. I don't know if I liked it best because I was able to learn about the list of books before choosing this one, but I enjoyed it much more than the others.
Although short, The Old Man and the Sea seemed to drag on with unnecessary and dull details. Don't get me wrong, I like simple stories, but this one was way too boring. I was also bothered by the lack of dialogue and characters even though that was the main idea of the novel.
While The Grapes of Wrath was wonderful story that I was able to learn a lot from, it was a little difficult to follow. I understand the importance of the events in the novel, but I would consider some, like the continuous car troubles, to be pointless. It was too long which eventually made me lose interest in the story.
What both the previous novels lacked, My Antonia made up for. This novel was separated nicely by short chapters and into three different books. This was so much nicer than the lack of chapters in The Old Man and the Sea and the very long chapters in The Grapes of Wrath. My Antonia was also easier to read because of the clear English it was written in. John Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath with a Southern tone, which neither I or spell check liked. I understand that it was important for the character and story detail, but I think that had to do with why it was hard for me to follow along. My Antonia's story of a Bohemian girl and her heroic life journey was one that I was interested in. I also like how the introduction told that all information in the novel was brought together by a childhood friend of Antonia name Jimmy, proving that the novel was a love story that included drama, tragedy, and adventure.

My Antonia: Reflect Events in History?

I feel as if I have already answered the question How does this novel reflect events in history? in about a bazillion other blogs already, but this is my last blog so here you go Mr. Langley. [Sigh of boredom]
My Antonia does an okay job of reflecting history because although the roles are given in the Shimerda family, they tend to be broken. Family roles have been seen in society dating back to the Indians, so in this case, yes, the novel does correctly reflect history. However, if the Shimerda's are breaking the rules and setting new roles, does that mean they are recreating history? Let me explain this in an easier manner. After Mr. Shimerda's suicide, Antonia had to start working in the fields to make money for her family. She was proud of this fact boasting, "I can work like mans now. I help make this land one good farm (Cather 76)." This was absurd. Men were supposed to be doing the manual labor while woman cooked and cleaned. Grandma Burden was not afraid to confront the Shimerda family about their decision. "Heavy field work'll spoil that girl. She'll lose all her nice ways and get rough ones (Cather 78)," she said. In hopes of getting her different work, grandma began by offering Antonia money to help her in the kitchen around Christmastime. Then she got her a job work for Mrs. Cutter in her kitchen. Mrs. Cutter, a wealthy woman, shared a nice bond with Antonia, a needy immigrant, proving that society's opinion didn't always make the final decision.
The men in the family worked hard every day out in the dirt and heat (in this novel anyway) in order to grow enough crop to feed their family and be prosperous. As a boy, Jimmy watched his grandpa, Jack, and Otto work out on the land. He once said, "I used to wonder, when they came in tired from the fields their feet numb and their hands cracked and sore, how they could do all their chores so conscientiously (Cather 44)." If reflecting the part of history that meant families working hard every day to make money for their family is what this question was asking, then, yes, My Antonia did just that.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia: Why do we still read it?

My Antonia teaches several life lessons through the characters that readers can take away. The first is friendship. Almost every character in this novel got along and could trust each other. A special relationship that I spotted in the novel was between Jim, Otto, and Jack. "With me they had been like older brothers; had restrained their speech and manners out of care for me, and given me so much good comradeship (Cather 89)," Jimmy said. Although Jack and Otto left the family midway through the story, having them there for Jimmy's transition into becoming a man was very important. That just goes to show that every single member of the Burden family was a genuinely good human being. Grandma and Grandpa Burden taught them right, proving to be yet another lesson to be learned. The Burdens showed humanity towards the Shimerda's offering them all the food, money, and help that they could possibly need. She even continued to smile and agree when Mrs. Shimerda disrespected her in the Burden house. Hallelujah to Mrs. Burden because I don't know many people who would put up with that.
The most important thing that I learned from this novel is that things will always work themselves out. The characters in this novel endured more struggles and conflicts than any I have ever seen. (Okay, except maybe that of The Grapes of Wrath) The lives of each character takes them down different paths in life, yet they are all able to return home in the end and claim that they are happy with how things turn out. Taking chances and trying new things shouldn't hold you back because in the end there is always a home and a family that you can return to if things don't work out.
The final lesson to take away is one that I have mention in several other blogs, so it must be important. Judging was a major issue in this novel, and although the excuse "It was the way things were back then" was used, it still doesn't make any of it alright.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Techniques

The only necessary technique that Willa Cather used in My Antonia was love. Of course with that comes a little suspense and adventure, but all the while the reader is asking, Will Jim and Antonia just fall in love already?! At least for me anyway…..
The pair meets each other in the very first chapter, and they share a friendly relationship. Antonia gets an attitude, but all the while Jim continues to have feelings for her. Their lives take them in different directions, but there is that continuous hope that they will be together in the end. I have never a novel with such quotable love scenes. I was almost in tears because of the sweet remarks the two had for each other, but knowing that they couldn't be together. I swear this novel could be made into a movie, and become the romance piece of a generation.
When Jim leaves for Law School at Harvard, Antonia assures him, "Of course it means you are going away from us for good, but that don't mean I'll lose you. Look at my papa here; he's been dead all these years, and yet he is more real to me than anybody else. He never goes out of my life. I talk to him and consult him all the time. The older I grow, the better I know him and the more I understand him (Cather 191)." Before he leaves, he promises her that he will return, and he says, "The idea of you is a part of my mind; you influence my likes and dislikes, all my tastes, hundreds of times when I don't realize it. You really are a part of me (Cather 192)." AHHH! As if the lines were taken right out of a book of vows.
Obviously, the use of romance for a technique was smart on behalf of Cather because readers like me can't stop obsessing over the ending. The pair should have ended together, and it is driving me crazy that they didn't.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Reflection of History

Judging by all the conflicts and major drama points of this novel, the time period was reflected pretty well. All of the issues that are discussed held true to the time. My Antonia focused a lot on the discrimination towards immigrants. Locals looked at them as being low class and worthless. In many cases, immigrants were hired help for the high class families that could afford it. Antonia got a job working in the kitchen for a nice Norwegian woman. She admitted to Jimmy that a tough outer shell was necessary to be a foreign in a country because people looked at and treated you differently. The novel also hit the subject of an African American pianist. "He was a Negro prodigy who played barbarously and wonderfully. To hear him, to watch him, was to see a Negro enjoying himself as only a Negro can (Cather 115)." As sad as it is, this problem is still lingering in today's society, especially since the events of September 11 occurred. If a Muslim is seen in public wearing a turban, some Americans feel uncomfortable just being near them. Another example is the fear that some folks feel when they walk on the sidewalk with an African American man. All these forms of discrimination are ridiculous because of the one idea or story in one's head that tells them something isn't right. Judging a person before getting to know them is wrong, no matter their origin, skin tone, or religion.
Social classes were another issue that was popular at this time. In the novel, it was known that the country boys were never to like the 'hired girls', or foreigners. The scenario reminded me a little of the relationship in the movie, The Notebook. Another example was when Mrs. Shimerda went into the Burden's home and realized who many utensils and belongings she was lacking. Claiming that she could raise her family much nicer with items like that. This problem is a two way street because as wrong as it is for class levels to judge each other, it was rude of Mrs. Shimerda to walk into her house and make hurtful comments.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia: Hero

The hero for the novel My Antonia was an easy pick, Antonia, duh. It is a novel/fictional autobiography about her after all. The events that she endured in her life qualify her by far to be considered a hero. She was able to find strength and a voice from her father's suicide. Antonia skipped out on attending school and getting an education of her own in order to help provide for her family. "Sometime you will tell me all those nice things you learn at school, won't you, Jimmy (Cather 77)," she sympathetically asked. She was betrayed by her fiancé, but looked at the bright side of the situation, and that was the baby that they now shared. Antonia put up with all of these things plus the discrimination that came with being a foreigner in a country. Getting nasty looks and comments, was not uncommon for the poor girl, but this allowed her to create a tough outer shell. Luckily, she was able to meet a nice Bohemian man whom she married and started a family with. Being strong willed, honest, and beautiful, Antonia worked through all her hardships and came out on the top of this novel. The one trait that stuck with Antonia and was seen most throughout the novel was her maternal trait. She was very nurturing and motherly towards her siblings, which helped strengthen them. She was also able to use this when she was alone with child, and when she finally had the happy family that she always dreamed of.
From the beginning, Antonia was portrayed as being a sweet, young immigrant looking for a better life, but after experiencing reality and loss in America, we see her transition into a strong young lady. She continues to have hardships, but learns from them to continue to be a striving immigrant. In the end, she uses every up and down, struggle, and celebration that she has been through to be thankful with her happy family and great friends.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Universal Themes

Since the novel is an entire flashback of Jim reminiscing on his life with Antonia, the relationship with his past is a commonly discussed theme. Whether or not he regretted leaving Antonia was never clearly stated in the novel, but the reader can assume otherwise. Although happy for her, the tone of the novel changes to sadness when he talks about Antonia's new life and family. What you don't start to realize until the end of the novel it that My Antonia isn't just a novel about Antonia growing up, but it's also Jim's change into adulthood. Looking back, he had just as many trials and tribulations to get through than Antonia. He was involved in the dangerous attack with Mr. Cutter which left him not only physically changed, but also emotionally. Losing his parents at a young age and being raised by his grandparents was another event that shaped Jim into the person that he is.
My Antonia included several main characters of foreign descent including Norwegian and Russian. The way these outsiders were treated was a major conflict and theme in the novel. One quote from the story sums up how many of the locals felt about the immigrants. "All foreigners were ignorant people who couldn't speak English (Cather 122)." A couple chapters in, Jimmy asked Antonia about the sudden change in her attitude. "If I live here, like you, that is different. Things will be easy for you. But they will be hard for us (Cather 86)," she answered. Sadly, that was the truth. Immigrants were looked at as being of low class and blue collar people. When really they are the bravest of the brave to pick up everything and move to a different setting all so that their family can live a happy life.
I will go ahead and touch briefly on the subject of male and female roles because, although it was a very important theme in this novel, I will be writing a blog on it later. At this time in America, roles were expected to be given to the household. Amongst these included housework and cooking for the females and outdoor manual labor for the men.  My Antonia broke this rule, which you will learn about if you continue reading my blogs.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Conflict-Gains-Losses

My Antonia included several conflicts that each brought gains and losses. The first was Mr. Shimerda's suicide. One can guess that the cause of his death was due to the Russians, his close friends, had recently left. Another major cause was because he was unhappy in this country. Mrs. Shimerda forced the family to come to America which the mister was not happy about. The loss of a father and a husband caused many changes for the family. Money was harder for the family to come about, so Antonia and the older siblings had to stay home and work in order for the young children to have a happy life. This meant that Antonia could not go to school with Jimmy and get an education. However, all these losses were accompanied with a few gains. Instead of feeling alone in a new country, Antonia was able to go to her father whenever she needed.
Another example of conflict in this novel was when Jimmy left Black Hawk to go to college. He had hopes of being a lawyer, so furthering his education was a must. By doing this, Jimmy was able to provide a happy, profitable life for himself. Leaving for school, however, put a strain on one of his most important relationships. He lost communication with Antonia for a long time, and was only hearing about her through friends and letters. Meanwhile, she has gotten married and had children of her own. When the two meet up at the end, a friendly relationship is still between them, but I think Jimmy also has a little regret about his choice of leaving Antonia. Upon his return, Jimmy tells her, "Do you know, Antonia, since I've been away, I think of you more often than anyone else in this part of the world (Cather 192)." As the reader, all I want is for Antonia to leave her husband and live happily ever after with Jimmy, but unfortunately Willa Cather doesn't feel the same.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Values-Attitudes-Perspective

Willa Cather's untraditional values and were portrayed in My Antonia in a rare perspective. By the looks of the novel, Cather had no problem being a bit of a rule breaker. One instance that caused quite the stir was referred to as "a curious social situation in Black Hawk (120)." It was well known in their town that country boys were meant to grow up, marry a high class girl, and live happily in a mansion with their large family. However, the country boys were beginning to fall for the beautiful, foreign girls, but they were too embarrassed to admit it. The 'hired girls' were in America to work and make money for their families, not have a relationship with the country boys. The public disapproved of the idea because "The country girls were considered a menace to the social order (Cather 122)." Willa Cather looked beyond the social classes, which wasn't commonly done at this time.
Another rule being broken was that of the roles in a family. On average, females clean and working in the kitchen while the men work outside. When Antonia's father died, another family member had to step up to work for pay, and she chose to do it. Jimmy's grandma had issues with this because it was crazy for a female to work in the fields. Cather was ahead of her time when it came to woman making money for the family.
Religion was mentioned many times in the novel, especially after Mr. Shimerda's death. The author told about Antonia communicating several times with her father in heaven. She would speak to him when she felt lonely, had problems, or if she just wanted to chat. By incorporating religion into the novel, Cather created a needed outlet for Antonia.
My Antonia's perspective was interesting and gave the novel a refreshing point of view. The introduction explained that the story was a buildup of Jimmy's memories of a lifelong friend named Antonia. Because it was Jimmy reminiscing on past events, the story was told in a joyful, content, and sometimes regretful tone.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


Saturday, August 20, 2011

My Antonia: Opinion of Book One

Titling Book One of My Antonia "The Shimerdas" was very smart of Willa Cather because that is all it was about. I guess getting to know Antonia's family was important because the experiences she went through as a child will make her who she is as she grows up. Major events, such as Jimmy moving to Nevada, Mr. Shimerda's suicide, and Jimmy and Antonia's blooming relationship, occurred in Book One.
 
It was a great informational opening to a novel. Book One has already hit upon several major topics of this time period, like the roles of a family, the difference between foreigners and locals, and the importance of religion and humanity. Antonia's life changed drastically when her father died. She now had to take on the male role of working on the farm to make the family money, and was now unable to attend school. Antonia told Jimmy, "I ain't got time to learn. I can work like mans now (Cather 76)." She also shares an insecurity of hers at the end of Book One involving the looks and disrespect that she receives from others. I would like to hear more details in Book Two of this topic because I think it was a major issue back then that is still lingering today. Finally, Grandma and Grandpa Burden teach their family patience, respect, and generosity, all traits a human being should strive to have, through the word of the Lord. They also do this through the actions and examples they use for the Shimerda family.
 
As far as characters go, I really like Jimmy's grandma, Mrs. Burden. She is a very respectful and generous woman. She has raised a house full of boys, not to mention putting up with all the disrespect from the Shimerda family. Don't even get me started on them. The Shimerda's have proved to be selfish and rude, but that could all go back to the outer shell that they feel the need to have in order to be a foreigner in the United States.
 
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia:Chapters 18 & 19

The Burden's are continuing to show their generosity, and the Shimerda's can't help but cause drama. A fight broke out after Jake and Ambrosch after some rude acts and comments by Ambrosch. Jake is the one who ends up getting in trouble because he hit Ambrosch. This is crazy to me because Ambrosch was unnecessarily rude and annoying. At one time, Ambrosch was looked up to and honorable, but ever since his father passed away he has been different. In order to make all right, the Burdens (of course) are fixing the problem. They give the Shimerda's some money to clear up the event. After everything the Burden family has done for the Shimerda's, I haven't seen a deserving thank you come from the Shimerda's. Sure, they say it, but their actions haven't matched up to their talk yet.
The end of Book One of My Antonia hasn't really showed the great relationship that Jimmy and Antonia had in the beginning. They had a little fall out during these chapters, and Jimmy went to confront her about it. After asking why her attitude has changed, Antonia says, "If I live here, like you, that is different. Things will be easy for you. But they will be hard for us (Cather 86)." This quote ended Book One and was a major lesson to be learned in the novel. Antonia is trying to say that, as a foreigner, she has to have a tough outer shell to put up with harsh comments and struggles that her family has to endure. I think this is a relatable topic in the novel because the same issue is still happening today. A new side of Antonia is being showed, and we learn that she feels the need to step up as an older sibling since her father died. From what little I know about Antonia, I think she will do great at this task. She is an admirable girl, but I would like to see a little more of the nice, sweet girl from the beginning of the novel.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia: Chapters 14-17

Chapter fourteen begins with one of the major events in all of My Antonia. Jimmy wakes up to a commotion and quickly learns that Mr. Shimerda committed suicide the night before. The reader can guess that this was a result of losing his two close Russian friends and not being able to provide much for his family. Even with these struggles, it was very selfish of Mr. Shimerda to do to his family. He had a large family that is new to this country and needed the support and strength from the parents to makie it in a new place. We learned that Mr. Shimerda really didn't like America because his wife forced him to come in order to find a better life for his family, (Can you say The Grapes of Wrath?) I was shocked to read about the suicide mostly because of how strong the Shimerda family through religion. Ambrosh, the eldest Shimerda son told Jake, "It will be a matter a years to pray his soul out of Purgatory, and right now he's in torment (Cather 65)." Besides from Purgatory, it will also be difficult to bury the man. Killing one's self is against many religions, so that eliminated many cemetery choices. In the end, The Shimerda's had to bury their father, husband, and friends on their own land. I am shocked at this event and can only imagine the shift it will cause in the novel. 
As a way to cheer Antonia up, Jimmy proposes the idea of Antonia going to school claiming that there are great teachers. She has to decline the offer because she had to work in the fields to provide for the family now that her father is gone. I feel that Antonia really would like to attend school, but she can't. I think she has a lot of potential in life, but by making this one decision to work on the family farm, she will never get the opportunity to achieve it.
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia: Chapters 8-13

Conflicts start to arise between the characters in this section of chapters. It begins with the Russian pair that have become close friends with Mr. Shimerda. They explain that they are in America because they were a part of a tragic accident involving wolves, and they received so much shame from their community that they had to leave. Peter and Pavel, the Russians, go through injuries and tough times and are both eventually eliminated from the novel. By choosing to do this, Willa Cather caused quite a stir between the characters. Mr. Shimerda becomes very upset, and I feel bad for him because he has lost the only people he could relate to in this country. The reader can start to see a shift in his attitude in this chapter, and it makes you wonder what will come about for this unhappy man.
The Burden family continues to show great generosity towards the Shimerda family and even has to disregard their comments at times. Grandma offers them food when theirs is getting low or rotten, and Jimmy shares his clothing with the kids when they weren't prepared for winter, which in return gets him sick. The Burden's continue to live unselfishly and offering anything they can for the Shimerdas. Judging by Mrs. Shimerda's reaction, she is very appreciative of what the Burden's do for them. "The poor woman broke down. She dropped on the floor beside her crazy son, hid her face on her knees, and sat crying bitterly (Cather 48)." However, after all the kindness that Grandma has showed them, Mrs. Shimerda has the ability to enter the Burden home and disrespect them. She witnesses all they have and comments upon it in a rude manner. She was described as being "a conceited, boastful old thing, and even misfortune could not humble her (Cather 57)." It sounds as if Mrs. Shimerda is calling Grandma spoiled and unworthy of her belongings. I have had friends like this in the past who are easily jealous of the things you have that they don't. It can be very uncomfortable to be around people, but, like Grandma did, you just have to be respectful of them and not make any nasty comments.
[Bibliograpy]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


Friday, August 19, 2011

My Antonia: Chapter 4-7

So far in the novel, all we have really learned about Antonia is that she is very pretty and that she has moved to Nevada from across the ocean. She hasn't mentioned the reason for her family's relocating, but it leaves a reader to wonder. Antonia does, however, open up a little more in this chapter. She was able to meet Russian men in the town her family could easily communicate with. She rushed to Jimmy to explain her happiness. "The first time I see my papa laugh in this kawn-tree. Oh, very nice (Cather 26)!" Not only is the comfort her family is feeling in this new country great, but I also love the relationship forming between Antonia and Jimmy. They are both new in town and are able to bond over their similarities yet learn from each other's differences.
In chapter six, Antonia fills Jimmy in on a tradition in her family involving a gun passed down paternally generation to generation. She says, "My papa play for his wedding, and he give my papa fun gun, and my papa give you (Cather 31)." I don't know if she was trying to tell Jimmy that he was her future husband or what. It is possible that with Antonia's religion and it being the 1920's that her parents pick her future mate themselves because it is their tradition. These are only questions that can be answered through continuing reading.
A little action comes into the novel when Antonia and Jimmy end their nice trip into town with a scary interaction with a large snake. Jimmy describes the creature's size as being "circus monstrosity" (Cather 33). He was able to attack the snake and kill it, making him look admirable in Antonia's eyes. After dragging his snake all the way home, they measure it out to be about five and a half feet long, and it receives praise from several neighbors. Readers are able to tell that Antonia doesn't see Jimmy as a little boy anymore, but more as a friend with a blooming relationship.
 
[Bibliography]
Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.


My Antonia: Chapter 1, 2, & 3


The introduction into My Antonia gave a lot of great information as a forward but just enough mystery to make the reader anxious to find learn about Antonia. The story is told by a first person narrator who is anonymous but telling the story from Jimmy's point of view. The young boy is traveling to Nevada to live with his grandparents. At just ten years old, Jimmy lost both of his parents. He claimed, "I don't think I was homesick. If we never arrived anywhere, it did not matter. Between the earth and that sky I felt erased, blotted out (Cather 11)." Jimmy hasn't showed that much emotion yet, considering the amount of sadness he has endured in his young lifetime. I'm sympathetic to the boy, and I am interested to see how the transition of living with his grandparents will turn out.

Although they lived states away from each other, Jimmy and his grandparents had a close relationship. They gave the boy his privacy, and there were very few awkward moments at their reunion. I thought their meeting to be a little more uncomfortable, but I'm glad it wasn't as I expected. It's good to see that Jimmy is happy and enjoying himself gardening and spending time with his family. "At any rate, that is happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great (Cather 17)," he said.

It is already obvious that Jimmy's family is made up of very sweet people. His grandma put together a nice fruit basket to give to the new family in town whom they refer to as the "Bohemian neighbors" (Cather 18). This was very thoughtful of the family, and probably meant a lot to the neighbors, especially because couldn't speak much English. The father in the Bohemian family, realized how nice of a human being Jimmy's grandma was, and asked her to do him a large favor. After handing her a dictionary, he asked if she could teach her daughter English.

[Bibliography]

Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004. Print.




The Grapes of Wrath: History-Society

Judging by the amount of awards and recommendation that the novel received, The Grapes of Wrath was able to reflect history in a great and very accurate way. By portraying the real events that occurred during The Dust Bowl of the 1930's and showing the emotional feelings that the migrants had, the novel provides important, historical knowledge for the reader.
 
The novel reflects many relationships, including that of a family and of fellow Americans. Steinbeck uses the Joad family to tell of the journey and suffrage that migrants had to go through. The roles of each family member are discussed several times throughout the story. Because the novel is set in the thirties, family roles were a little stricter than they are today. The men of the family were always working on the car and fixing things outdoors, while the women were working in the kitchen. Steinbeck wrote the following of ma's role, "She seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family, the strong place that could not be taken (Steinbeck 74)." Each member had his or her role in the family, and that is what kept them so strong on the journey to California. The most publicized relationship at this time was that between the migrant farmers and the California natives. Because The Dust Bowl had made it impossible to grow crops, the farmers had to look for fresh, new places to farm. However, the California natives didn't want all the thousands of migrants on their land, and they had no problem sharing it with them. They used derogatory terms, such as 'okies', to let them know how much they didn't want them in their town. John Steinbeck used great emotion and the real truth to tell of the harassment the travelers received. He used The Dust Bowl to influence The Grapes of Wrath and was able to share the honest events that were taking place in America in the late 1930's.
 
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


The Grapes of Wrath: Techniques

One great technique used by authors to engage readers in their story is foreshadowing. John Steinbeck uses this technique several times throughout this novel. The first time it was seen was when Jim Casy asked to join the Joad family on their journey. Granma Joad told him, "They was some folks figgered it was a good respectable thing to have a preacher along. Ef somebody died, preacher buried'em. Weddin' come due, or overdue, an there's your preacher. Baby come, an' you got a christener right under your roof (Steinbeck 101)." This is considered to be foreshadowing because it puts the idea that one of these events might happen in the future, and in the case of The Grapes of Wrath they did. The family suffered through death and welcomed a baby along the journey to California. Another example of foreshadowing used in the novel was the rumor spreading that the amount of jobs in California was a lower amount than expected. Many people tried to tell the Joads this, but the family continued to stay hopeful. Readers, however, questioned what would really happen in California.
 
Along with foreshadowing, John Steinbeck uses tones in order to get the reader emotionally involved in the story. He uses a sympathetic tone in the beginning to get the reader feeling bad for the Joads, and he uses an angered tone at the end to let the reader feel the conflicts between the characters. By doing this, readers feel for the characters which in return gets them interested in the plot.
 
My favorite technique of the novel is one that I haven't seen in any other book. Steinbeck includes brief chapters in The Grapes of Wrath that teach little lessons. They were a great way to teach the lesson of humanity in examples that hold true to the time period. The chapters were also a great way to take the stressful storyline off the readers every once in a while and give them extra knowledge away from the plot of the story.
 
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.

The Grapes of Wrath: Why Do We Read it?

Although The Grapes of Wrath is considered to be a fictional piece, it gives many realistic examples that reflect The Dust Bowl of the 1930's. The struggles that the families endured with losing their farms and traveling across the country are very true. The truth of how the migrants were treated when they reached California was also very eye opening. The derogatory term 'Okies' was being used towards them (Steinbeck 214). I have learned very little about the relationship between the migrant farmers and the California natives, let alone The Dust Bowl itself, so it was really nice to learn about them through this interesting novel. John Steinbeck's ability to incorporate reality into an entertaining and heartfelt story was accomplished very honorably through The Grapes of Wrath.
 This novel is a must read for the generations who weren't around to witness The Dust Bowl and who don't know what the event was in order to get an idea of what took place and what families had to go through. I think the biggest thing that I learned about The Dust Bowl that I didn't know before was how difficult the journey across the country was for many farming families. Since they hadn't worked for some time, they had very little money to travel with. They also had to get rid of most of their belongings before leaving. "How can we live without our lives (Steinbeck 88)," they asked. It was even harder for the older family members to travel, and in the case of the Joads, the grandparents didn't make it to California.
Along with the factual information, The Grapes of Wrath teaches a lesson that each and every reader can learn. Several chapters of the novel are used to portray humanity. The way people treat each other was very important at this time in America, and I believe it still is today. It was very smart of Steinbeck to use humanity as a theme because it's a lesson that will be relatable to people year after year. It will never stop being a common topic. Another message mentioned in the novel was to act upon something you believe in. Tom Joad became an activist to speak up for the migrants, and showed very admirable traits.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


The Grapes of Wrath: Time Period-Significance

I guess I didn't really pay attention during the 1930's section of Twentieth Century because I didn't know much about The Dust Bowl until I read The Grapes of Wrath. John Steinbeck did very well at supplying lots of factual information about the historic event into an entertaining story. He was able to reflect history very nicely because the novel is realistic fiction, so many aspects explained in it are true.
Unlike today, farming was a very common career for people living in the Midwest in this time period, so when The Dust Bowl came and stopped the growing of crops, all the farmers were out of work. Families then had to move to find work which made them hopeful, yet hesitant. Moving from Oklahoma to California brought a lot of tense moments between social classes and between migrants and natives. Migrants, who were given the nickname 'Okies', were very poor and looking anywhere for work. Many Californian natives were well off and could care less about the poor Okies. The two sides couldn't get along because the natives wanted the migrants to go home. They had no sympathy for each other. Jim Casy shared his opinion on the rivalry, "What's it comin to? Fella can't make a livin' no more. Folks can't make a livin' farmin'. I ask you, what's it comin' to? I can't figure her out. Ever'body I ask, they can't figure her out (Steinbeck 127)." However, not all attitudes were bad. The migrant families were able to unify together. They were suffering through many of the same things, and by coming together, they were able to get through it easier. Although the characters themselves are fictional, the events and emotions they endured are very realistic.
The most significant symbol in this novel was the importance of family. Almost every chapter contained an up or down, whether it is a son returning home or a relative's death, and the Joad family was able to get through all the hardships. They used each other for strength to make it through their long journey as a family.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.

The Grapes of Wrath: Hero

Picking just one hero from The Grapes of Wrath isn't easy especially compared to The Old Man and the Sea that really only has one main character. With that in mind, I had to choose two characters in the novel as being heroes, and I will tell you why. Both of the men I chose have some bad memories in their past that they had to work through, but to me that's what makes a great hero. Someone who can get past a tragic event and find the good in the future is worthy of the title, which is exactly what Tom Joad and Jim Casy did.
Tom was sent to prison for murdering a man, but as soon as he got out on parole he was ready to start a new life with his family. Judging by the positive reaction made by his family and friends, it is obvious that Tom is a nice person. He acted as the protagonist in the novel and has to witness quite a bit of nasty behavior along his travels. Instead of sitting back and taking the discrimination, Tom stood up for not only his family, but also other migrant farmers by becoming an activist. A 'do something' attitude is an honorable trait to have.
Similar to Tom, Jim Casy admits that he too has made mistakes in his past. He repeatedly claims that he is no longer a preacher. "Just Jim Casy now. Ain't got the call no more. Got a lot of sinful idears (Steinbeck 20)," he admits to Tom. Although  the Joad's thought they were being generous by allowing Casy to travel with them, it was Jim Casy who supported the family during the entire trip. He helped motivate the family after the deaths of granpa and granma. He also helped Uncle Tom get over his fear of causing his wife's death. Jim told him, "Sure I got sins. Ever'body got sins. A sin is somepin you ain't sure about (Steinbeck 224)." He proved to be a great advice giver and was always there to hear them out.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


The Grapes of Wrath: Themes-Human Nature

Example after example is given in The Grapes of Wrath to portray humanity. In fact, I can't think of a better universal theme than humanity itself. The novel started out simple with a road, a tortoise, and two vehicles. One car swerved out of the way to avoid hitting the creature and the other hit the helpless tortoise on its side. Why is it that one simple turn of a wheel was the huge difference between an act of kindness and one of disrespect? Then came a corrupt car salesman who uses the farmer's lack of car knowledge and need of a vehicle to sell crap cars for large profits. "Watching for weaknesses" is how they are able to get their big break (Steinbeck 61). The salesmen treated fellow men that were going through very tough times as if they were nothing but dollar signs. Lying to them to get money and knowing that these vehicles would never take them all the way to California. Sadly, it's a cruel trick that shows what kind of people they were. Another example of humanity in The Grapes of Wrath was the store scene with the boys who could afford very little. The shop owner was generous enough to offer them items that they secretly couldn't afford. She saw two needy boys and gave them candy, even if it cost her money. When the opportunity provides itself, I don't understand why people wouldn't do the right thing. It could make someone's day which always results in a satisfied feeling. Whether good or bad, Steinbeck knows how to explain human actions toward each other using great examples.
With the major theme of humanity, John Steinbeck knows not only understands human nature, but also knows how to expose it using relatable examples. The Dust Bowl was a great topic to showcase the good and bad in people because it was a time when Americans showed their true colors. It was smart of Steinbeck to demonstrate positive and negative forms of human nature because it showed migrating Okies side and the California native's side.
 
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


The Grapes of Wrath: Conflict-Gains-Losses

I have never read a novel that contains such few gains from the conflict for the main characters. Honestly, this poor family just could not get a break. It began in the very first chapter when the land owners forced the farming families to leave. As tenant farmers, they rent the land from the owners to work on it. Whatever they produce, they can save for their family and pay off the land owners. With The Dust Bowl making it impossible to grow crops, the families couldn't pay their rent. Therefore, the land owners had to take their land back. It's understandable why they did this, but what wasn't respectful was the unsympathetic way that they did it. Without warning the land owners brought in tractors ready to tear down the houses and fields. However, he families weren't going to just let them take the land. Granma Joad "blowed the headlights off that cat" with a rifle (Steinbeck 46). The conflict between the landowners and he farmers ended with the farmers losing their jobs, their homes, and their belongings. Through all these losses one gain was accomplished. The Joads were able to find strength in each other to make them a stronger family before their big journey.
 
California presented a number of conflicts for the family. Granma's death was the first. The family would be in trouble with the law if they didn't report the body, but all they wanted to do was bury her in the great, nourished fields of California. They had the same conflict when granpa passed away earlier in the novel. The family also had trouble when it came to jobs. They were able to find various jobs throughout the state, but none of them could provide enough money for the family to survive on. They had been lied to about the hand bills and were now suffering because of their decision to find a new life. Their hopefulness towards this new venture quickly turned into a painful regret.
 
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.

The Grapes of Wrath: Values-Attitudes-Perspective

John Steinbeck, who also wrote Of Mice and Men, is a California native who witnessed the drastic changes caused by the great Oklahoma Dust Bowl. He wrote a number of novels set in California, showing how near and dear the state is to him. Although California isn't portrayed so well in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck was able to showcase the historical significance of this major event.
In my opinion, anyone who takes on the brave task of writing a novel that documents historical events has to have a large passion for that topic. The Dust Bowl was a major influence at the time not only for John Steinbeck, but also for all Americans having a part in it. I would say it was important for Steinbeck to inform readers of this major event in American history. He was able to spread the message of The Dust Bowl by documenting the events in an entertaining, fictional novel with realistic facts. He did it so well in fact that readers of his generation awarded the novel the Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and the novel has continued to be highly recommended today.
Two obvious values that were brought up quite a bit in The Grapes of Wrath were the importance of family and humanity. From Tom returning home out of prison to the family reaching California, the Joads proved that the only thing that mattered was sticking together. Through deaths and fights, the clan was able to persevere in order to reach their new life. The family faced hardships along the way asking, "How will we know it's us without our past (Steinbeck 88)" when they had to let go of all their belongings, but what didn't kill them only made them stronger. Humanity was portrayed in about every third chapter of this novel. How each person treated each other was important at this time due to everything happening in the country, and it was smart of Steinbeck to emphasize that subject.
As far as perspective goes, the novel contained various narrators, but had an ironic tone. Steinbeck wrote in a sympathetic tone for the novel, which was hard to grasp in the beginning because the family left looking for a happy, new future. The two sides didn't really add up, and as you read farther into the novel, you could understand why.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


Thursday, August 18, 2011

The Grapes of Wrath: Chapter 17 & 18

Now that a sense of community has been created between the migrant families, they are able to trust one another. Respecting each other's rights and celebrating happy times have been major parts of continuing this community. The families were introduced to the idea that California might not be what they expected in the last chapter. A man explained how he took his family there only to find cheap work, and in the end, he lost his family. The Joad's were quick to write of this man's story and continue to California. I don't understand why they weren't more worried because this guy was completely honest by sharing his tragic story. They become a little hesitant, but having nowhere else to go, they head to California.
When they finally arrive in California, Pa is ready to find work. "I'd kinda like to get acrost her an' get settled into a job (Steinbeck 203)." This just shows what type of person Pa is. After all this traveling and lack of rest, his first priority is to get work in order to provide for his family. The Joad's are also introduced to the nickname given to the by the California natives which is 'Okies'. "Well, Okie use' ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you're a dirty son-of-a-b****. Okie means you're scum (Steinbeck 205-206)," a Californian told the family. The derogatory term is used more often now along with the phrases "you aren't wanted here", "return home", etc.  The term alone bothers me because it's very offensive to these migrant farmers because it's not their fault that they are in the situation that they're in. However, what bothers me the most is the fact that a police officer, a figure of authority, is using the term. I feel like that's a job of equality, and using that term is far from equality.
When they reach the farming side of California, the family is amazed and so happy to see fields of green once again. However, this happiness doesn't last long because they learn that granma has died. Granma wasn't a large, in depth character, so I am interested to see how her death with change the family.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


Wednesday, August 17, 2011

The Grapes of Wrath: Chapter 14, 15, & 16

With thousands of framing families moving across the country, it's no wonder that they bonded along the way. I would imagine that the families could relate to each other on many levels because they all lost their land, money, and homes to the Dust Bowl. As they stopped every night to rest, the families bonded over their experiences and discussed their future plans. They were courteous of each other and helped each other out. The idea of these families coming together makes perfect sense to me because this way they could go to one another for help if they have already gone through the same things. Tom confirmed the unity of the families by saying, "This is the beginning form 'I' to 'we' (Steinbeck 152)."
Humanity is spotted once again in chapter sixteen. It seems as if every short, lesson learning chapter focuses on humanity. This one involves a store owner and her assistant, Al, helping out some boys who couldn't afford much food. At first it was confusing because I thought Al was the young boy, but he really worked at the store. Anyways, these examples of humanity are really refreshing because it's nice to see that folks during this time still had heart and sympathy for those who lost a lot of their livelihood compared to the folks who looked down upon them.
I have grown to like Rosasharn, and this chapter had a lot to do with it. She is a dreamer. I can respect someone who has hopes and dreams for themselves. She and Connie have a plan to start a new life in the city and raise their family in the best possible way. However, I didn't like how ma quickly shut down her dream by saying, "We don' want you to go 'way from us (Steinbeck 165)." I feel as if Rose has plans of her own she should go after them with all her heart. Ma shouldn't try to stop her because the whole family traveled to California to find a new life, no matter what that life contains.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.


Tuesday, August 16, 2011

The Grapes of Wrath: Chapter 13

Al discusses this new journey with his mother at the beginning of this novel. "You scared a goin' to a new place (Steinbeck 124)?" He asked his ma. She claims she's not scared, but I can understand her hesitancy towards moving across the country. Oklahoma and California are two completely different states, so it would be a little unnerving starting over there. This was just one example of the tension between characters in this chapter. Another was when the family stopped at the gas station. Tom got into a heated discussion with the assistant and Jim Casy stepped in. "How'd you like to sell the bed you sleep on for a tankful a gas (Steinbeck 127)?" Casy asked the assistant. The question really opened my eyes. It was a great way to sum up what the Joad's had to go through in a simple and relatable way.
This chapter also contains a large part of the rising action of The Grapes of Wrath. Granpa Joad suffers a stroke and dies. I immediately thought back in the novel when Jim Casy asked to go on the journey with the family. Granma told the family it would be a good idea to travel with a preacher because "Ef somebody died, preacher buried 'em (Steinbeck 101)." Looking back, I can see that her dialogue was an example of foreshadowing. Although he didn't actually die until they got closer to California, some thought the action happened even before that. "An granpa didn' die tonight. He died the minute you took 'im off the place (Steinbeck 146)." I can agree with this statement because Granpa admitted that he didn't want to leave. He felt uncomfortable about traveling and this took his life away. However, there is one thing I would have changed about the granpa's death. I don't like how the family treated granma during this tragic time. They wouldn't let her see her husband after his stroke, and then they didn't even wake her for his funeral. The pair were always together, so I feel like that was very disrespectful of the family.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Scribner, 2002. Print.

The Grapes of Wrath: Chapter 11 & 12

The narrator looks away from the plot once more to put a spotlight on the abandoned houses and land. Rodents have began taking over the vacant houses and the weather is tearing them a part. "On a night the wind loosened a shingle and flipped it to the ground (Steinbeck 116)." That was just the beginning. One shingle led to three which led to a section in the roof. Slowly but surely, these abandoned residences fell apart. As I read this chapter, all I could think about was what the reaction would be if the Joad's returned to their home months  after leaving it. The devastation over their destroyed home would be so upsetting. To see a home that once contained a happy family with generations of memories now torn up is not only a great visual picture from the novel but an emotion provoking event in The Grapes of Wrath.  The Joad's finally set out on their journey. Destination: California. They travel on Highway 66 which I am very educated on thanks to a (cough, cough) ah-mazing powerpoint presentation I gave on the topic in Twentieth Century last year. Anyways, the third person narrator goes into a little detail on the sounds coming from the car and the heat in the atmosphere. I didn't even think about that! This truck that the family was driving from Oklahoma to California had no radio or air conditioning! That is such a long drive to have no beat to rock out to and way to many people (twelve to be exact) to be tightly squished together without air. Grampa's plan about staying home probably didn't seem to bad then! One important motif that I have seen several times already in the novel is humanity. How one person treats another is discussed a lot both in good and bad ways. This journey especially has showed the Joad's how people can behave whether it's a rude autobody salesman or a generous man picking up hitchhikers.
[Bibliography]
Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Scribner, 2002. Print.